Use of cone beam computed tomography, a desktop 3D printer and freeware for manufacturing craniofacial bone prostheses: a pilot study / Utilización de la tomografía cone-beam para la confección de protesis óseas craniofaciales por impresora 3D de escritorio usando programas libres: un estudio piloto

The aim of this study was to reconstruct missing bone parts using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT), freeware and a desktop 3D printer. Materials and Methods: A human skull was used and osteotomies were performed in the frontal process of the zygomatic bone, zygomatic process of the temporal bone and part of the parietal bone. The 3D image was then obtained CBCT and the DICOM file was transformed into STL and exported using InVesalius software. Missing bone parts were modeled by overlapping with OrtogOnBlender software for later printing using a desktop 3D printer. Result: The obtained prostheses had very good adaptation to the missing bone parts. Conclusion: It is feasible to make bone prostheses by 3D printing using low-cost desktop printers, as well as the use of free open-source software programs through CBCT.

El objetivo de este estudio fue el de reconstruir partes óseas faltantes usando tomografía computarizada de haz cónico, programas de licencia libre e impresora 3D de escritorio. Materiales and Métodos:Se utilizó un cráneo humano y se le realizó osteotomías en la apófisis frontal del hueso cigomático, apófisis cigomática del temporal y parte del parietal. Seguidamente se obtuvo la imagen en 3D por medio de la tomografía cone-beam y se exportó el formato DICOM para STL usando el programa libre InVesalius. Se modelaron las partes óseas faltantes por superposición con el programa libre OrtogOnBlender para su posterior impresión utilizando una impresora 3D de escritorio. Resultados: Las prótesis obtenidas tuvieron muy buena adaptación en las partes óseas faltantes. Conclusión:Es factible confeccionar prótesis óseas por impresión 3D utilizando impresoras de escritorio de bajo costo, así como la utilización de programas libres de código abierto a través de la tomografía cone-beam.

Pseudomembranous candidiasis by candida tropicalis in an immunocompromised patient: case report

Pseudomembranous candidiasis is the most frequent type of infection by candida spp., and candida albicans is the most common species to cause it. candidiasis can be due to other candida species less frequently, as is the case of candida tropicalis a pathogenic species that can cause infection in immunocompromised patients. the aim of this case report is to describe a pathological condition produce by candida tropicalis.

Uso del plasma rico en fibrina en endodoncia para regeneración ósea. Reporte de dos casos clínicos / Use of fibrin-rich plasma in bone-repair endondontic procedures. Report of two clinical cases

Resumen: Introducción: Las lesiones periapicales crónicas producen defectos óseos en la zona apical del diente comprometido. La terapia estándar requiere de una osteotomía, remoción del ápice, un profuso curetaje para remover el tejido infectado y granulomatoso, dejando un defecto óseo. Reporte de casos: Dos pacientes con lesiones periapicales fueron sometidos a una apicectomía donde se les colocó como relleno óseo plasma rico en fibrina. El tratamiento fue efectivo, ya que en 30 días se observó radiográficamente una zona radiopaca sugiriendo una formación ósea. Conclusión: La utilización de plasma rico en fibrina para rellenos óseos después de cirugías paraendodónticas podría ser una buena alternativa a los rellenos óseos comerciales por tener propiedades óseo-inductoras.

Abstract Introduction: Chronic periapical lesions cause bone defects in the apical area of compromised teeth. Standard therapy requires osteotomy, apex removal and profuse curettage to remove granulomatous and infected tissue, thus leaving a bone defect in its wake. Report of two cases: Two patients with periapical lesions were subjected to apicoectomy procedure where fibrin-rich plasma was placed as bone filling. Treatment was effective, since after 30 days a radio opaque area was radiographically observed, suggesting bone formation. Conclusion: Use of fibrin-rich plasma as bone filling after paraendodontic surgeries could represent a suitable alternative to commercial bone fillings, due to its bone induction properties.

Estudio de las propiedades antimicrobianas de la Camellia sinensis en un modelo microbiano oral / Estudo das propriedades antimicrobianas da Camellia sinensis em um modelo microbiano oral / Study of the antimicrobial properties of Camellia sinensis in an oral microbial model

Objetivo: Determinar el efecto antibacteriano in vitro del extracto de Camellia Sinensis (té verde) sobre un modelo de microflora oral. Materiales y métodos: Fueron utilizados dos extractos etanólicos de té verde de diferente procedencia (Perú y China), en concentraciones de 16, 8, 4, 2, 1, 0.5 y 0.25mg/ml. Se evaluaron la concentración mínima y máxima inhibitoria sobre cepas de S. mutans, S. mitis, C. albicans, C. tropicalis, S. aureus,F. nucleatum, L. rhamnosus, L. casei, C. glabrata y E. faecalis. Los datos obtenidos fueron analizados estadísticamente utilizando la prueba estadística Kruskal Wallis con un nivel de significancia de 5%. Resultados: La C. sinensis mostró un efecto bacteriostático para las cepas de S. mutans, y fungiestático para C. albicans, C. tropicalis y C. glabrata. (p<0.05). Conclusión: El extracto etanólico de 16mg/ml de Camellia Sinensis presenta efecto inhibitorio sobre cepas de S. mutans, C. albicans, C. tropicalis y C. glabrata.

Objective: To determine the in vitro antibacterial effect of the extract of Camellia Sinensis (green tea) on an oral microflora model. Materials and methods: Two ethanolic green tea extracts of different origin (Peru and China) were used in con-centrations of 16, 8, 4, 2, 1, 0.5 and 0.25mg / ml. The minimum and maximum inhibitory concentrations were evaluated on S. mutans, S. mitis, C. albicans, C. tropicalis, S. aureus, F. nucleatum, L. rhamnosus, L. casei, C. glabrata and E. faecalis strains . The obtained data were statistically analyzed using the Kruskal Wallis statistical test with a significance level of 5%. Results: C. sinensis showed a bacteriostatic effect for the strains of S. mutans, and fungistatic for C. albicans, C. tropicalis and C. glabrata. (P <0.05). Conclusion: The 16mg / ml ethanolic extract of Camellia Sinensis has an inhibitory effect on strains of S. mutans, C. albicans, C. tropicalis and C. glabrata.

Objetivo: Determinar o efeito antibacteriano in vitro do extracto de Camellia Sinensis (chá verde) sobre um modelo de microflora oral. Materiais e métodos: Foram utilizados dois extractos etanólicos de chá verde de diferente procedência (Peru e China), em concentrações de 16, 8, 4, 2, 1, 0.5 y 0.25mg/ml. Avaliaram-se as concentrações mínima e máxima inibitórias sobre cepas de S. mutans, S. mitis, C. albicans, C. tropicalis, S. aureus,F. nucleatum, L. rhamnosus, L. casei, C. glabrata y E. faecalis. Os dados obtidos foram analisados estatisticamente utilizando o teste estadístico de Kruskal Wallis com um nível de significância de 5%. Resultados:C. Sinensis mostrou um efeito bacteriostático para S. Mutans e fun-goestático para C. albicans, C. tropicalis y C. glabrata. Conclusão: O extracto etanólico de 16mg/ml de Camelia Sinensisapresenta efeito inibitório sobre as cepas de S. mutans, C. albicans, C. tropicalis y C. glabrata.

Comparison between Obando´s anthropometric formula and Mondelli´s formula to estimate central incisor width / Comparación entre la fórmula antropométrica de Obando y la fórmula de Mondelli para estimar el ancho del incisivo central superior

Abstract: objective: to compare Mondelli’s formula with Obando’s anthropometric formula in order to determine the mesiodistal width of maxillary central incisor. Materials and Methods: 100 adults (50 women) were selected. The mesiodistal width of maxillary central incisor was measured. Maximum smile was used for Mondelli’s formula. Inter-alar distance and longitudinal axis of the ear were used for Obando’s formula. Correlations and differences between estimates of both formulas and the actual mesiodistal width of the central incisor were estimated. Results: Obando’s formula presented a strong correlation (r=0.8846) with the mesiodistal width, with no statistically significant differences between the two measures (p>0.05). Mondelli’s formula presented a moderate negative correlation with the mesiodistal width (r=-0.3401) and a statistically significant difference with respect to the mesiodistal width (p<0.0001), in both men and women. Conclusion: Obando’s formula estimated more accurately the mesiodistal width of the central incisor in comparison to Mondelli’s formula in the Peruvian population.

Resumen: objetivo: comparar la fórmula de Mondelli con la fórmula antropométrica de Obando para determinar el ancho mesio-distal del incisivo central superior. Materiales y métodos: 100 adultos (50 mujeres) fueron seleccionados. Se procedió a medir el ancho mesio-distal del incisivo central superior. Para la fórmula de Mondelli se utilizó la sonrisa máxima y para la fórmula de Obando se utilizó la distancia interalar y el eje longitudinal de la oreja. Se estimaron correlaciones y diferencias entre las estimaciones de ambas fórmulas y el ancho mesio-distal real del incisivo central. Resultados: la fórmula de Obando presentó una correlación fuerte (r=0,8846) con el ancho mesio-distal, sin diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre ambas medidas (p>0,05). La fórmula de Mondelli presentó una correlación moderada y negativa con el ancho mesio-distal (r=-0,3401) y una diferencia estadísticamente significativa respecto al ancho mesio-distal (p<0,0001), tanto en mujeres como hombres. Conclusión: la formula de Obando logró estimar de manera más precisa el ancho mesio-distal del incisivo central en comparación a la fórmula de Mondelli en población peruana.

Evidence of Heterokaryon compatibility on Candida albicans biofilm

Aims: Candida species, especially Candida albicans, are frequently found associated with biomaterials and immunosuppressed patients, and have been described as the most virulent yeasts in human fungi diseases. These yeasts have recently been isolated from periodontal pockets, revealing the penetration of hyphae into the periodontal connective tissue. Methods: In this study, 7 periodontal C. Albicans strains were applied individually in biofilm development on titanium discs and the samples were thereafter analyzed as for the number of colony forming units per milliliter (CFU/mL), dry-weight and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Results: Counting of CFU/ mL and determination of dry-weight showed that all samples formed biofilm. SEM analysis showed the development of a polymorphic network in the biofilms and the presence of hyphal anastomosis in the sites where fusion between the hyphae occurred. Conclusion: periodontal C. albicans strains present heterokaryon compatibility.

Susceptibility of Candida spp. Oral isolates for azolic antifungals and amphotericin B

Aims: Among the oral infections, candidosis may be considered the most frequent, and C. albicans the most prevalent species. Meanwhile, the non-albicans species may also be related to other infections processes and be able to affect the oral cavity, including periodontal disease. In this sense, understanding the relationship between Candida spp. and host, it is necessary and justified the search of mechanisms modulators of infections and treatments against diseases associated with these yeasts. Methods: Nineteen patients with periodontal disease were involved in this study. The aim was evaluate the susceptibility to azoles antifungals fluconozole, itraconazole, ketoconazole and the polienic anfotericin B against Candida spp isolated from three different sites of the oral cavity from these patients (periodontal disease, being periodontal pocket, oral mucosa and ridge gingival), by the minimum inhibitory concentration method – MIC. Results: Among the samples of C. albicans, 88% showed susceptibility depending on the concentration (SCD) and 3.6 % were resistant to at least one antifungal azole studied. Among the others species, 57% presented SDC and 42.8% showed resistance to at least one of the antifungal azole tested. Regarding to Anfotericin B, 90% of the C. albicans isolates and 3% of the nonalbicans showed resistance. There was no occurrence of resistance to the fluconazole and only 3.6% of C. albicans and 40% of the non-albicans were SDC to this antifungal. Conclusions: Patients with periondontal disease showed relevant levels of colonization by Candida spp, mainly at the oral mucosa and periodontal pocket showing important occurrence of SDC and resistance to the antifungals drugs tested.